Serializers 序列化组件
Django的序列化方法
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= Book.objects.values(,,,,=获取外键 再去数据库查然后拼接成我们想要的
ret = book == Publish.objects.filter(pk=book[irst()
pub_dict[] =] =] == json.dumps(book_list,ensure_ascii=False,cls=<span style="color: #008000;">#<span style="color: #008000;"> json.JSONEncoder.default()<span style="color: #008000;">
<span style="color: #008000;"> 解决json不能序列化时间字段的问题
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def<span style="color: #000000;"> default(self,field):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">if<span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(field,datetime.datetime):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return field.strftime(<span style="color: #800000;">'<span style="color: #800000;">%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%s<span style="color: #800000;">'<span style="color: #000000;">)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">elif<span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(field,datetime.date):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return field.strftime(<span style="color: #800000;">'<span style="color: #800000;">%Y-%m-%d<span style="color: #800000;">'<span style="color: #000000;">)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">else<span style="color: #000000;">:
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return json.JSONEncoder.default(self,field)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">class
<span style="color: #000000;"> MyJson(json.JSONEncoder):<span style="color: #0000ff;">def<span style="color: #000000;"> default(self,field):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">if<span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(field,datetime.datetime):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return field.strftime(<span style="color: #800000;">'<span style="color: #800000;">%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%s<span style="color: #800000;">'<span style="color: #000000;">)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">elif<span style="color: #000000;"> isinstance(field,datetime.date):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return field.strftime(<span style="color: #800000;">'<span style="color: #800000;">%Y-%m-%d<span style="color: #800000;">'<span style="color: #000000;">)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">else<span style="color: #000000;">:
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return json.JSONEncoder.default(self,field)
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django.core <span style="color: #008000;">#<span style="color: #008000;"> 能够得到我们要的效果 结构有点复杂
<span style="color: #0000ff;">class<span style="color: #000000;"> BooksView(View):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def<span style="color: #000000;"> get(self,request):
book_list =<span style="color: #000000;"> Book.objects.all()
ret = serializers.serialize(<span style="color: #800000;">"<span style="color: #800000;">json<span style="color: #800000;">"<span style="color: #000000;">,book_list)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return HttpResponse(ret)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">class<span style="color: #000000;"> BooksView(View):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def<span style="color: #000000;"> get(self,request):
book_list =<span style="color: #000000;"> Book.objects.all()
ret = serializers.serialize(<span style="color: #800000;">"<span style="color: #800000;">json<span style="color: #800000;">"<span style="color: #000000;">,book_list)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return HttpResponse(ret)
DRF序列化的方法
首先，我们要用DRF的序列化，就要遵循人家框架的一些标准，
-- Django我们CBV继承类是View，现在DRF我们要用APIView
-- Django中返回的时候我们用HTTPResponse，JsonResponse，render ，DRF我们用Response
为什么这么用~我们之后会详细讲~~我们继续来看序列化~~
序列化
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== serializers.CharField(max_length=32= ((1,),(2,),(3,= serializers.ChoiceField(choices=CHOICES,source=display= serializers.DateField()
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rest_framework.views rest_framework.response <span style="color: #0000ff;">class<span style="color: #000000;"> BookView(APIView):
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def<span style="color: #000000;"> get(self,request):
book_list =<span style="color: #000000;"> Book.objects.all()
ret = BookSerializer(book_list,many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return Response(ret.data)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def<span style="color: #000000;"> get(self,request):
book_list =<span style="color: #000000;"> Book.objects.all()
ret = BookSerializer(book_list,many=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
<span style="color: #0000ff;">return Response(ret.data)
外键关系的序列化
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rest_framework .models <span style="color: #0000ff;">class<span style="color: #000000;"> PublisherSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32<span style="color: #000000;">) <span style="color: #0000ff;">class<span style="color: #000000;"> UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32<span style="color: #000000;">)
age =<span style="color: #000000;"> serializers.IntegerField()
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32<span style="color: #000000;">) <span style="color: #0000ff;">class<span style="color: #000000;"> UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=32<span style="color: #000000;">)
age =<span style="color: #000000;"> serializers.IntegerField()
<span style="color: #0000ff;">class<span style="color: #000000;"> BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32<span style="color: #000000;">)
CHOICES = ((1,source=<span style="color: #800000;">"<span style="color: #800000;">getchapterdisplay<span style="color: #800000;">",read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
pub_time =<span style="color: #000000;"> serializers.DateField()
publisher </span>= PublisherSerializer(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
user </span>= UserSerializer(many=True,read_only=True)</pre>反序列化
当前端给我们发post的请求的时候~前端给我们传过来的数据~我们要进行一些校验然后保存到数据库~
这些校验以及保存工作，DRF的Serializer也给我们提供了一些方法了~~
首先~我们要写反序列化用的一些字段~有些字段要跟序列化区分开~~
Serializer提供了.is_valid() 和.save()方法~~
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文件
= serializers.IntegerField(read_only== serializers.CharField(max_length=32= ((1,read_only== serializers.IntegerField(write_only==
publisher </span>= PublisherSerializer(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
user </span>= UserSerializer(many=True,read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
users </span>= serializers.ListField(write_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
publisher_id </span>= serializers.IntegerField(write_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> create(self,validated_data):
book </span>= Book.objects.create(title=validated_data[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>],chapter=validated_data[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">w_chapter</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>],pub_time=validated_data[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">pub_time</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>],publisher_id=validated_data[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">publisher_id</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">])
book.user.add(</span>*validated_data[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">users</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">])
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> book</pre>
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</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> post(self,request):
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> book_obj = request.data</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span><span style="color: #000000;">(request.data)
serializer </span>= BookSerializer(data=<span style="color: #000000;">request.data)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span><span style="color: #000000;"> serializer.is_valid():
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">print</span>(12341253<span style="color: #000000;">)
serializer.save()
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Response(serializer.validated_data)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">else</span><span style="color: #000000;">:
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> Response(serializer.errors)</pre>
但前端给我们发送patch请求的时候,前端传给我们用户需要更新的数据,我们要对数据进行部分验证.
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= serializers.IntegerField(read_only== serializers.CharField(max_length=32= ((1,pub_time=validated_data[=validated_data[*validated_data[
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> update(self,instance,validated_data):
instance.title </span>= validated_data.get(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">,instance.title)
instance.chapter </span>= validated_data.get(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">w_chapter</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">,instance.chapter)
instance.pub_time </span>= validated_data.get(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">pub_time</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">,instance.pub_time)
instance.publisher_id </span>= validated_data.get(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">publisher_id</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">,instance.publisher_id)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> validated_data.get(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">users</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">):
instance.user.set(validated_data.get(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">users</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">))
instance.save()
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> instance</pre>
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= request.data[= request.data[= Book.objects.filter(pk=irst()
serializer = BookSerializer(book_obj,data=book_info,partial= Response(serializer.errors)
验证
如果我们需要对一些字段进行自定义的验证~DRF也给我们提供了钩子方法.
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= serializers.IntegerField(read_only== serializers.CharField(max_length=32代码里一样的
serializers.ValidationError(标题必须含有Python value
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= serializers.IntegerField(read_only== serializers.CharField(max_length=32= ((1,read_only== serializers.IntegerField(write_only=== serializers.DateField(write_only=一个上架时间字段
代码上增加的
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 对多个字段进行验证 要求上架日期不能早于出版日期 上架日期要大</span>
<span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> validate(self,attrs):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">if</span> attrs[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">pub_time</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>] > attrs[<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">date_added</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">]:
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">raise</span> serializers.ValidationError(<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">上架日期不能早于出版日期</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">)
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> attrs</pre>display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('e1d66fb4-4585-4be9-a244-300fed833aa2',event)" src="/res/2019/02-14/22/405b18b4b6584ae338e0f6ecaf736533.gif" alt="">
serializers.ValidationError(<span style="color: #0000ff;">class<span style="color: #000000;"> BookSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32,validators=<span style="color: #000000;">[my_validate])
<span style="color: #008000;">#<span style="color: #008000;"> 。。。。。。
id = serializers.IntegerField(read_only=<span style="color: #000000;">True)
title = serializers.CharField(max_length=32,validators=<span style="color: #000000;">[my_validate])
<span style="color: #008000;">#<span style="color: #008000;"> 。。。。。。
ModelSerializer
现在我们已经清楚了Serializer的用法，会发现我们所有的序列化跟我们的模型都紧密相关~
那么，DRF也给我们提供了跟模型紧密相关的序列化器~~ModelSerializer~~
-- 它简单的默认实现了.update()以及.create()方法
定义一个ModelSerializer序列化器
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Meta:
model ==
外键关系的序列化
注意：当序列化类MATE中定义了depth时，这个序列化类中引用字段（外键）则自动变为只读
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Meta:
model ==
depth = 1
自定义字段
我们可以声明一些字段来覆盖默认字段，来进行自定制~
比如我们的选择字段，默认显示的是选择的key，我们要给用户展示的是value。
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= serializers.CharField(source=display,read_only=
自定义字段
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> <a href="/tag/Meta/" target="_blank" class="keywords">Meta</a>:
model </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> Book
fields </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">__all__</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> fields = ["id","pub_time"]</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> exclude = ["user"]</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段</span>
depth = 1</pre>
Meta中其它关键字参数
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= serializers.CharField(source=display,read_only=
Meta中的参数
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> <a href="/tag/Meta/" target="_blank" class="keywords">Meta</a>:
model </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> Book
fields </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">__all__</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> fields = ["id","pub_time"]</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> exclude = ["user"]</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段</span>
depth = 1<span style="color: #000000;">
read_only_fields </span>= [<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">id</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
extra_<a href="/tag/kwargs/" target="_blank" class="keywords">kwargs</a> </span>= {<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">validators</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: [my_validate,]}}</pre>
post以及patch请求
由于depth会让我们外键变成只读，所以我们再定义一个序列化的类，其实只要去掉depth就可以了
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= serializers.CharField(source=display,"pub_time"]
read_only_fields = [kwargs = {: {: [my_validate,]}}
SerializerMethodField
外键关联的对象有很多字段我们是用不到的~都传给前端会有数据冗余~就需要我们自己去定制序列化外键对象的哪些字段~~
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= serializers.CharField(source=display,read_only===
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_user(self,obj):
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> obj是当前序列化的book对象</span>
users_query_set =<span style="color: #000000;"> obj.user.all()
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> [{<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">id</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: user_obj.pk,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">name</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: user_obj.name} <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> user_obj <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> users_query_set]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_publisher(self,obj):
publisher_obj </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> obj.publisher
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> {<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">id</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: publisher_obj.pk,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">: publisher_obj.title}
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> <a href="/tag/Meta/" target="_blank" class="keywords">Meta</a>:
model </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> Book
fields </span>= <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">__all__</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> fields = ["id",]}}</pre>
用ModelSerializer改进上面Serializer的完整版
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dis_chapter = serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only== serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only== serializers.SerializerMethodField(read_only=
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_users(self,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">name</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: user_obj.name} <span style="color: #0000ff;">for</span> user_obj <span style="color: #0000ff;">in</span><span style="color: #000000;"> users_query_set]
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_publishers(self,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">: publisher_obj.title}
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">def</span><span style="color: #000000;"> get_<a href="/tag/dis/" target="_blank" class="keywords">dis</a>_chapter(self,obj):
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span><span style="color: #000000;"> obj.get_chapter_<a href="/tag/dis/" target="_blank" class="keywords">dis</a>play()
</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> <a href="/tag/Meta/" target="_blank" class="keywords">Meta</a>:
model </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> Book
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> fields = "__all__"</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 字段是有序的</span>
fields = [<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">id</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;"><a href="/tag/dis/" target="_blank" class="keywords">dis</a>_chapter</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">publishers</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">users</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">user</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">publisher</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
</span><span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> exclude = ["user"]</span>
<span style="color: #008000;">#</span><span style="color: #008000;"> 分别是所有字段 包含某些字段 排除某些字段</span>
read_only_fields = [<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">id</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>,<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">publishers</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">]
extra_<a href="/tag/kwargs/" target="_blank" class="keywords">kwargs</a> </span>= {<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">title</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">validators</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: [my_validate,]},<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">user</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">write_only</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: True},<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">publisher</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">write_only</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">: True},</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">chapter</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: {<span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">write_only</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span>: True}}</pre>
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