随着互联网的快速发展,我们的web站点访问量和数据流量的快速增长,对于我们服务器的处理能里的要求也越来越高,这样的情况下,单一的服务器根本无法承受, 这样的话我们丢弃掉原有的设备,做硬件升级,会造成成本的浪费,如果再过一段时间,升级过后的硬件有负载不起了,怎么办呢?没关系,我们有负载均衡的技术,就不用担心了!
负载均衡通俗点说,就是一堆的计算机,或设备,同时为用户提供一个相同的服务,下面就来说说怎么实现的!
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首先在此感谢,"马哥"以及网友"IT你好" 的帮助,一路走来,问题不断,感谢朋友们的支持,再次表示谢谢,“刘庸有句话说的好,(人在黑暗既又邪恶的道路上成长,才能使自己变的更加强大)” 我想表达的意思就是,在学习的过程中遇到的问题越多,那么自己就积累的越多,当然对于那些勇于克服问题的童鞋而言,呵呵,闲话有点多了,下面来介绍下单一的Nginx负载均衡是怎么工作的,
单一Nginx负载均衡,见下图,
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1,首先用户发送请求访问bbs.andy.com,
2,当前端Nginx负载均衡服务器(上图中的SVR1)收到用户的请求之后,Nginx负载均衡器,会根据此前配置好的调度算法,代用户请求后端的应用程序服务器,
3,应用程序服务器(也就是上图中的SVR2,3,4) 收到前端Nginx负载均衡器的请求的时候,它并不知道是Nginx负载均衡器是代用户请求的,对于后端的应用程序服务器而言前端Nginx负载均衡器就是一个用户,那么它收到请求之后,将对应请求的处理结果,再返回给前端Nginx负载均衡器,
4,当前端的Nginx负载均衡器,收到后端应用程序服务器返回的响应内容之后再讲结果返回给用户,
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应该是这样工作的吧,个人的理解,说的不好,还望大家伙指点,下面来说说LNMP分布式架构是怎么工作的,也就是上图啦,待会的配置也是根据上图的架构来配置的,
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LNMP分布式架构的工作原理,根据上图来,
1,用户请求bbs.andy.com
2,前端Nginx负载均衡器收到用户请求,根据此前设定的调度算法,假如说此时前端Nginx负载均衡器,根据调度算法的结果,应该访问svr2,这台应用程序服务器,那么svr2这台服务器根据用户请求的内容的不同,而进行不同的处理机制,根据上图的架构一般有两种可能,
当用户请求的内容是一个静态的html页面的话,那么svr2,就直接将请求的结果响应给前端Nginx负载均衡器,
当用户请求的内容是一个动态的页面内容(在上图中也就是PHP页面了)那么svr2会去找svr4上面的FastCGI程序来帮忙解析动态PHP页面,如果此次页面请求中需要访问数据库的话,fastcgi会通过MysqL的接口访问数据库的,然后将其请求的结果,返回给svr2,
当svr2收到返回的请求结果后,svr2再将结果返回给前端的Nginx负载均衡器,当前端的Nginx负载均衡器收到请求的结果后,再将其返回给用户,
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下面来配置下在Nginx负载均衡的情况下,后端的LNMP应用服务器分布式架构,下面再简单介绍下上图中每台服务器的角色,已经IP地址,等信息,
服务器 角色 IP地址 DNS能解析的域名
SVR1 Nginx负载均衡器 192.168.0.52/172.16.0.1 bbs.andy.com解析到192.168.0.52
SVR2 Nginx 172.16.0.2
SVR3 Nginx/NFS 172.16.0.3
SVR4 PHP(FastCGI)/MysqL 172.16.0.4
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SVR1负责接受用户请求,根据调度算法,负载到SVR2 SVR3上面去,
SVR3上面有个NFS服务,是提供共享存储的,这里主要是共享网站的源码
SVR4 PHP(FastCGI)提供SVR2 SVR3的动态PHP页面的请求,
SVR4 MysqL数据库提供SVR4上的PHP(FastCGI)的数据请求等,
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单一Nginx负载均衡+LNMP分布式架构 rhel5.8的系统上实现
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目录
一,安装配置SVR4
二,安装配置SVR3
三,安装配置SVR2
四,安装配置SVR1
注:配置过程中需要用到的源码包,自己在官方下载,所有包下载至系统的/usr/src目录
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一,安装配置SVR4
1.安装基本开发库,等依赖软件包
- #yum -y groupinstall "Development Libraries" "Development Tools" "X Software Development"
- #cd /usr/src
- #tar xzvf MysqL-5.0.56.tar.gz
- #cd MysqL-5.0.56
- #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/MysqL --sysconfdir=/usr/local/MysqL/etc --with-ssl \
- --localstatedir=/usr/local/MysqL/database --enable-assembler --with-readline \
- --with-extra-charsets=complex --enable-thread-safe-client --with-big-tables \
- --with-embedded-server --enable-local-infile --with-plugins=innobase
- #make && make install
2.5 为MysqL提供配置文件,服务启动脚本,用户,并初始化MysqL
3,安装配置PHP(FastCGI)
3.1 编译安装libiconv 编码转换库
- #cd /usr/src
- #tar xzvf libiconv-1.13.1.tar.gz
- #cd libiconv-1.13.1
- #./configure --prefix=/usr/local
- #make && make install
3.2 编译安装libmcryp加密算法扩展库
3.3 编译安装mhash加密算法扩展库
- #cd /usr/src
- #tar xjvf mhash-0.9.9.9.tar.bz2
- #cd mhash-0.9.9.9
- #./configure
- #make && make install
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.la /usr/lib/libmcrypt.la
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8 /usr/lib/libmcrypt.so.4.4.8
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.a /usr/lib/libmhash.a
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.la /usr/lib/libmhash.la
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so /usr/lib/libmhash.so
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2
- #ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1 /usr/lib/libmhash.so.2.0.1
3.4 编译安装mcrypt 加密算法工具
- #cd /usr/src
- #tar xzvf mcrypt-2.6.8.tar.gz
- #cd mcrypt-2.6.8
- #./configure
- #make && make install
3.5 编译安装PHP(FastCGI) 这里使用的是5.4的版本,5.4的版本不需要打fpm补丁就支持FastCGI
3.5.1 编译安装PHP
- #cd /usr/src
- #tar xjvf PHP-5.4.4.tar.bz2
- #cd PHP-5.4.4
- #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/PHP --with-MysqL=/usr/local/MysqL/ --with-openssl \
- --enable-fpm --enable-sockets --enable-sysvshm --with-MysqLi=/usr/local/MysqL/bin/MysqL_config\
- --enable-mbstring --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir --with-png-dir --with-zlib-dir \
- --with-libxml-dir=/usr/ --enable-xml --with-mhash --with-mcrypt --with-config-file-path=/etc \
- --with-config-file-scan-dir=/etc/PHP.d --with-bz2 --with-curl --with-ldap --with-iconv-dir
- #make ZEND_EXTRA_LIBS='-liconv'
- #make install
- #cp PHP.ini-production /etc/PHP.ini
- #cp sapi/fpm/init.d.PHP-fpm /etc/rc.d/init.d/PHP-fpm
- #chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/PHP-fpm
- #chkconfig --add PHP-fpm
- #chkconfig PHP-fpm on
- #cp /usr/local/PHP/etc/PHP-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/PHP/etc/PHP-fpm.conf
- #vim /usr/local/PHP/etc/PHP-fpm.conf 修改内容如下
- pid = /usr/local/PHP/var/run/PHP-fpm.pid
- listen = 172.16.0.4:9000
- pm.max_children = 50
- pm.start_servers = 5
- pm.min_spare_servers = 2
- pm.max_spare_servers = 8
- #service PHP-fpm start
二,安装配置SVR3
1.安装基本开发库,及依赖软件包
- #yum groupinstall "Development Libraries" "Development Tools"
- #yum -y install pcre-devel
- #useradd -s /sbin/nologin Nginx
- #cd /usr/src
- #tar xzvf Nginx-1.2.2.tar.gz
- #cd Nginx-1.2.2
- #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/Nginx --pid-path=/var/run/Nginx/Nginx.pid \
- --lock-path=/var/lock/Nginx.lock --user=Nginx --group=Nginx --with-http_ssl_module \
- --with-http_flv_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module \
- --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/client/ --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/proxy \
- --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/fcgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/uwsgi \
- --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/scgi --with-pcre
- #make && make install
2.2 为Nginx提供服务启动脚本
- #vim /etc/rc.d/init.d/Nginx 内容如下
- #!/bin/sh
- #
- # Nginx - this script starts and stops the Nginx daemon
- #
- # chkconfig: - 85 15
- # description: Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
- # proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server
- # processname: Nginx
- # config: /etc/Nginx/Nginx.conf
- # config: /etc/sysconfig/Nginx
- # pidfile: /var/run/Nginx.pid
- # Source function library.
- . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
- # Source networking configuration.
- . /etc/sysconfig/network
- # Check that networking is up.
- [ "$NETWORKING" = "no" ] && exit 0
- Nginx="/usr/local/Nginx/sbin/Nginx"
- prog=$(basename $Nginx)
- Nginx_CONF_FILE="/usr/local/Nginx/conf/Nginx.conf"
- [ -f /etc/sysconfig/Nginx ] && . /etc/sysconfig/Nginx
- lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/Nginx
- make_dirs() {
- # make required directories
- user=`Nginx -V 2>&1 | grep "configure arguments:" | sed 's/[^*]*--user=\([^ ]*\).*/\1/g' -`
- options=`$Nginx -V 2>&1 | grep 'configure arguments:'`
- for opt in $options; do
- if [ `echo $opt | grep '.*-temp-path'` ]; then
- value=`echo $opt | cut -d "=" -f 2`
- if [ ! -d "$value" ]; then
- # echo "creating" $value
- mkdir -p $value && chown -R $user $value
- fi
- fi
- done
- }
- start() {
- [ -x $Nginx ] || exit 5
- [ -f $Nginx_CONF_FILE ] || exit 6
- make_dirs
- echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
- daemon $Nginx -c $Nginx_CONF_FILE
- retval=$?
- echo
- [ $retval -eq 0 ] && touch $lockfile
- return $retval
- }
- stop() {
- echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
- killproc $prog -QUIT
- retval=$?
- echo
- [ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
- return $retval
- }
- restart() {
- configtest || return $?
- stop
- sleep 1
- start
- }
- reload() {
- configtest || return $?
- echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
- killproc $Nginx -HUP
- RETVAL=$?
- echo
- }
- force_reload() {
- restart
- }
- configtest() {
- $Nginx -t -c $Nginx_CONF_FILE
- }
- rh_status() {
- status $prog
- }
- rh_status_q() {
- rh_status >/dev/null 2>&1
- }
- case "$1" in
- start)
- rh_status_q && exit 0
- $1
- ;;
- stop)
- rh_status_q || exit 0
- $1
- ;;
- restart|configtest)
- $1
- ;;
- reload)
- rh_status_q || exit 7
- $1
- ;;
- force-reload)
- force_reload
- ;;
- status)
- rh_status
- ;;
- condrestart|try-restart)
- rh_status_q || exit 0
- ;;
- *)
- echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload|configtest}"
- exit 2
- esac
- #chmod a+x /etc/init.d/Nginx
- #chkconfig --add Nginx
- #chkconfig Nginx on
- #vim /usr/local/Nginx/conf/Nginx.conf 内容如下
- user Nginx;
- worker_processes 10;
- error_log logs/error.log crit;
- pid logs/Nginx.pid;
- events
- {
- use epoll;
- worker_connections 51000;
- }
- http {
- include mime.types;
- default_type application/octet-stream;
- client_header_buffer_size 32k;
- large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
- client_max_body_size 10m;
- sendfile on;
- tcp_nopush on;
- keepalive_timeout 60;
- tcp_nodelay on;
- fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
- fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
- fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
- fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
- fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
- fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
- fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
- gzip on;
- gzip_min_length 1k;
- gzip_buffers 4 16k;
- gzip_http_version 1.0;
- gzip_comp_level 2;
- gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/ccs application/xml;
- gzip_vary on;
- server {
- listen 80;
- server_name 172.16.0.3;
- index index.html index.htm index.PHP;
- root /web/bbs;
- location ~ .*\.(PHP|PHP5)?$
- {
- fastcgi_pass 172.16.0.4:9000;
- fastcgi_index index.PHP;
- fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /web/bbs$fastcgi_script_name;
- include fastcgi.conf;
- }
- access_log logs/bbs.log;
- }
- }
2.4 创建网站根目录以及测试文件
2.5 启动Nginx服务
- #service Nginx restart
3,配置NFS
三,安装配置SVR2
1.安装基本开发库,及依赖软件包
- #yum groupinstall "Development Libraries" "Development Tools"
- #yum -y install pcre-devel
- #useradd -s /sbin/nologin Nginx
- #cd /usr/src
- #tar xzvf Nginx-1.2.2.tar.gz
- #cd Nginx-1.2.2
- #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/Nginx --pid-path=/var/run/Nginx/Nginx.pid \
- --lock-path=/var/lock/Nginx.lock --user=Nginx --group=Nginx --with-http_ssl_module \
- --with-http_flv_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module \
- --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/client/ --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/proxy \
- --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/fcgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/uwsgi \
- --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/scgi --with-pcre
- #make && make install
2.2 为Nginx提供服务启动脚本
- 见 二.2.2 的配置内容
- #vim /usr/local/Nginx/conf/Nginx.conf 内容如下
- user Nginx;
- worker_processes 10;
- error_log logs/error.log crit;
- pid logs/Nginx.pid;
- events
- {
- use epoll;
- worker_connections 51000;
- }
- http {
- include mime.types;
- default_type application/octet-stream;
- client_header_buffer_size 32k;
- large_client_header_buffers 4 32k;
- client_max_body_size 10m;
- sendfile on;
- tcp_nopush on;
- keepalive_timeout 60;
- tcp_nodelay on;
- fastcgi_connect_timeout 300;
- fastcgi_send_timeout 300;
- fastcgi_read_timeout 300;
- fastcgi_buffer_size 64k;
- fastcgi_buffers 4 64k;
- fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k;
- fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k;
- gzip on;
- gzip_min_length 1k;
- gzip_buffers 4 16k;
- gzip_http_version 1.0;
- gzip_comp_level 2;
- gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/ccs application/xml;
- gzip_vary on;
- server {
- listen 80;
- server_name 172.16.0.2;
- index index.html index.htm index.PHP;
- root /web/bbs;
- location ~ .*\.(PHP|PHP5)?$
- {
- fastcgi_pass 172.16.0.4:9000;
- fastcgi_index index.PHP;
- fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /web/bbs$fastcgi_script_name;
- include fastcgi.conf;
- }
- access_log logs/bbs.log;
- }
- }
3.重启Nginx服务
- #service Nginx restart
4.使用NFS 共享的网站目录,以达到共享存储的目的
- #mkdir /web
- #mount -t nfs 172.16.0.3:/web /web
- #echo "mount -t nfs 172.16.0.3:/web /web " >> /etc/rc.local
四.安装配置SVR1
1. 安装基本开发库,以及依赖的软件包
- #yum groupinstall "Development Libraries" "Development Tools"
- #yum -y install pcre-devel
2.安装配置Nginx
- useradd -s /sbin/nologin Nginx
- #cd /usr/src
- #tar xzvf Nginx-1.2.2.tar.gz
- #cd Nginx-1.2.2
- #./configure --prefix=/usr/local/Nginx --pid-path=/var/run/Nginx/Nginx.pid \
- --lock-path=/var/lock/Nginx.lock --user=Nginx --group=Nginx --with-http_ssl_module \
- --with-http_flv_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module \
- --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/client/ --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/proxy \
- --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/fcgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/uwsgi \
- --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/Nginx/scgi --with-pcre
- #make && make install
3.为Nginx提供服务启动脚本
- 见 二.2.2 的配置内容
- #vim /usr/local/Nginx/conf/Nginx.conf
- user Nginx;
- worker_processes 10;
- error_log logs/error.log crit;
- pid logs/Nginx.pid;
- events
- {
- use epoll;
- worker_connections 51000;
- }
- http {
- include mime.types;
- default_type application/octet-stream;
- keepalive_timeout 60;
- tcp_nodelay on;
- #指定负载均衡的方式
- upstream bbs.andy.com {
- server 172.16.0.2:80;
- server 172.16.0.3:80;
- ip_hash;
- }
- server {
- listen 80;
- server_name bbs.andy.com;
- index index.html index.htm index.PHP;
- location / {
- proxy_pass http://bbs.andy.com;
- proxy_next_upstream http_502 http_504 error timeout invalid_header;
- proxy_set_header Host $host;
- proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
- proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
- proxy_connect_timeout 600;
- proxy_read_timeout 600;
- proxy_send_timeout 600;
- proxy_buffer_size 8k;
- proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k;
- }
- access_log logs/bbs.log;
- }
- }
3.重启Nginx服务
- #service Nginx restart
五,收尾配置,需要在每台服务器上执行以下命令
- #chkconfig iptables off
- #service iptables stop
- #setenforce 0
- #echo "setenforce 0" >> /etc/rc.local
2.需要在SVR4上挂载nfs共享
- #mkdir /web
- #mount -t nfs 172.16.0.3:/web /web
- #echo "mount -t nfs 172.16.0.3:/web /web" >> /etc/rc.local
OK.到这里配置就结束了,2012年7月16日凌晨3:00整 完!
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